Neonatology

Illustration of low brain efficiency

Neighborhood disadvantage alters brain networks in unborn babies

Illustration of high and low brain efficiencyGrowing up in a disadvantaged neighborhood changes a child’s brain even before birth. These new findings, in the latest edition of The Journal of Pediatrics, underscore the need to support young families from a baby’s earliest days.

According to this new research from the Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research at Children’s National Hospital, exposure to neighborhood disadvantage lessens the functional integration of neural networks in the fetal brain, as seen on functional MRIs of healthy babies. The center compared the brains of 68 healthy babies on 79 scans. Researchers then mapped details about neural activity to a “social vulnerability index” from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which indicates proximity to environmental stressors.

“We specifically looked at brain architecture to see how easily information flows between different regions,” said Kevin Cook, Ph.D., research faculty at the center and the manuscript’s first author. “To do this, we used graph theory, which borrows concepts from social network theory. It’s widely applied in computer science to understand how information flows within groups, and neuroscience has adapted it to study how information travels within the brain.”

What we found

Dr. Cook said researchers focused on the three metrics:

  • Path length, which measures how many stops information needs to make along its way through the brain.
  • Global efficiency, which measures the overall efficiency of the entire brain’s network.
  • Small-world propensity, which describes how the brain’s network is organized and indicates how well the brain is organized into smaller, efficient networks.

As social vulnerability increased, the research team found global efficiency decreased, meaning the brain’s neural network was less efficient. The path lengths were also longer in children with greater neighborhood disadvantage, reinforcing the global efficiency findings.

The fine print

The under-development and over-development of fetal brains may contribute to neurological disorders, such as autism, epilepsy and other conditions of interest to researchers. Yet science’s understanding of how the brain matures in utero is still limited.

In this study, researchers found a notable difference related to age. At the youngest gestational ages, path lengths are longer, and both global efficiency and small world propensity are lower. As the fetus gets closer to term, path length and global efficiency show rapid maturation and less advantaged fetuses catch up to their peers who have greater advantages.

Researchers saw the same findings for small-world propensity, but the maturation didn’t stop. These unborn babies overshot their peers and had greater small-world propensity, suggesting their brains are divided into a greater number of smaller networks than their advantaged peers.

“We believe that length and global efficiency are on a trend to overshoot,” Dr. Cook said. “These findings are notable because they agree with what we know about older children and adolescents. Greater disadvantage is associated with hyper- or over-maturation of the brain. Our findings suggest that this may be starting even before birth.”

What’s ahead

While still early, this research improves the understanding of how environmental complexities can impact an unborn baby. Catherine Limperopoulos, Ph.D., director of the research center, which opened in 2023, said this work will be foundational as they continue to study the impact of a child’s environment on development.

“These findings have important implications for understanding how status and disadvantage may have a cumulative effect on fetal brain development,” Dr. Limperopoulos said. “We must study and consider how to conceptualize the impact of socioenvironmental disadvantage in communities to better care for children and work to improve outcomes.”

Read the full study – “Greater Neighborhood Disadvantage Is Associated with Alterations in Fetal Functional Brain Network Structure” – in The Journal of Pediatrics.

2024-25 US News Badges

Children’s National again ranked among the best in the nation by U.S. News & World Report

2024-25 US News BadgesChildren’s National Hospital in Washington, D.C., was ranked as a top hospital in the nation by the U.S. News & World Report 2024-25 Best Children’s Hospitals annual rankings. This marks the eighth straight year Children’s National has made the Honor Roll list. The Honor Roll is a distinction awarded to only 10 children’s hospitals nationwide.

This year, U.S. News ended ordinal rankings on its Honor Roll. Instead of assigning a numerical rank from 1 to 10, all hospitals on the Honor Roll will be recognized as having attained the highest standards of care in the nation.

In addition, Children’s National tied for #1 pediatric hospital in the Mid-Atlantic region, which includes New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, West Virginia and Virginia. It’s also best in the Mid-Atlantic in Neonatology.

For the fourteenth straight year, Children’s National ranked in 10 specialty services. New this year, U.S. News included behavioral health as a service line in the rankings. Since it’s the first year, there are no ordinal rankings for behavioral health, but the Children’s National program was named one of the top 50 programs in the country.

“In my first year here, I witnessed what makes Children’s National so special — our commitment to collaboration, empowering one another, and charting a bold path forward for pediatric care,” said Michelle Riley-Brown, MHA, FACHE, president and chief executive officer of Children’s National. “I’m proud U.S. News again recognized Children’s National as one of the top in the nation and the highest-ranked pediatric hospital in D.C., Maryland and Virginia. Together, we’ll continue to push the boundaries of care, research and innovation to make a difference for those who matter most — the kids.”

The annual rankings are the most comprehensive source of quality-related information on U.S. pediatric hospitals and recognizes the nation’s top 50 pediatric hospitals based on a scoring system developed by U.S. News.

“For nearly two decades, U.S. News has published Best Children’s Hospitals to empower the parents and caregivers of children with complex medical needs,” said Ben Harder, chief of health analysis and managing editor at U.S. News. “Children’s hospitals appearing on the U.S. News Honor Roll have a track record of delivering unparalleled specialized care.”

The bulk of the score for each specialty service is based on quality and outcomes data. The process includes a survey of relevant specialists across the country, who are asked to list hospitals they believe provide the best care for patients with the most complex conditions.

The Children’s National specialty services that U.S. News ranked in the top 10 nationally are:

The other four specialties ranked among the top 50 are Behavioral Health, Cardiology and Heart Surgery, Pulmonology and Lung Surgery, and Urology.

Douglas Postels and other clinicians in Malawi

Think tank improves care for Malawian children with seizures, epilepsy

Global health leaders from Children’s National Hospital joined Malawian clinical experts in a two-day think tank to improve the care of children with seizures in the southern African nation. Details were published recently in a perspective in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

“The meeting was eye-opening,” said Douglas Postels, M.D., a pediatric neurologist and faculty member with the Center for Translational Research at Children’s National. “Outcomes are changed when we collaborate directly and work through the best solutions for clinical care in low-resource settings. You must weigh what clinics need, what they can implement, and the impact on public health.”

The big picture

Dr. Postels does research and provides clinical care at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), the largest public hospital in Malawi. “Queen’s” is the only medical setting in a country of over 20 million people where an electroencephalogram (EEG) and specialty pediatric neurology services are available. QECH is an essential — and often overtaxed — component of neurological care in Malawi. Cerebral malaria, epilepsy and seizures from birth asphyxia drive the need for neurological evaluations.

EEG is available at QECH for all hospitalized children and is principally used to evaluate for subclinical seizures in those who are comatose. One of three trained technicians acquires the EEG, which is electronically sent to the United States for interpretation. Under best-case scenarios, the turnaround time between EEG collection and interpretation from a neurologist in the U.S. is about two hours. However, many obstacles can slow results, including misaligned schedules across time zones, internet outages and other complications.

With the support of the Center for Translational Research, Dr. Postels brought five U.S.-based colleagues to Africa to meet with Malawian clinicians to better understand local clinical care needs.  A think tank of U.S. and Malawian clinicians worked together to consider research directions and priorities for neurology care and EEG services.  Their conversation focused extensively on integrating technology in the places where it will be most clinically useful.

The fine print

Dr. Postels’ research group aims to aid in the clinical care of Malawian children with epilepsy and to make EEG accessible outside of Queen’s hospital. They hope to eventually create a point-of-care EEG system, linking a method of EEG acquisition that requires little training to apply with a software-based interpretation system.

Expanding the use of EEG in Malawi and throughout Africa has numerous clinical applications. Malawian clinicians hoped that EEG could be made available at their local hospitals and folded into a more comprehensive care algorithm for children at risk of seizures — “one aspect of a ‘packet of care’ that included better overall understanding of seizures, criteria for administration of antiseizure medications, and transfer to the central hospital,” according to the journal article.

Malawian clinicians were also interested in using EEG to detect increased intracranial pressure after head trauma, as neuroimaging services are nearly as rare as EEG in Malawi.  One pediatrician also wanted to use EEG to guide the treatment of neonatal seizures, which are common in children with birth asphyxia, and to use EEG as a prognostic biomarker.

“We hope to empower Malawian clinicians with clinical research skills and experiences so that they can lead and direct future discussions with patients, parents and stakeholders to advance neurologic care and research in their country,” Dr. Postels and his team wrote.

To dive deeper, read the complete perspective — “Establishing Priorities for Epilepsy Care and Electroencephalogram Use in Low-Resource Settings” — in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Visitors from the UAE at Children's National Hospital.

New philanthropic support from the United Arab Emirates furthers research breakthroughs and care

Visitors from the UAE at Children's National Hospital.

His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (right) visited Children’s National in September 2024.

Continuing a 30-year partnership that has yielded 82 U.S. patents and countless medical breakthroughs for kids and their families, the Government of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has strengthened its transformational commitment to Children’s National Hospital with a new $35 million donation focused on prenatal, neonatal and maternal health.

The announcement of the new gift comes after a recent visit to the hospital by His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), who met with Emirati families and patients receiving care at Children’s National Hospital.

The investment is the latest chapter of a longstanding philanthropic partnership between the UAE and Children’s National. Each year, more than 100 Emirati families travel to Children’s National for advanced pediatric care and life-saving treatments.

This latest investment will bolster various strategic health initiatives, including within the hospital’s Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research and the Zickler Family Prenatal Pediatrics Institute.

Researchers in the Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research are focused on the role of perinatal factors — including maternal stress, anxiety and depression — on the developing brain of the child. Studies also are revealing the impact of congenital anomalies such as heart disease and acquired conditions such as maternal infection with COVID-19 or Zika virus. New approaches to prenatal and postnatal care promise to optimize long-term outcomes of many hospitalized babies.

“Children in the Washington, D.C., area and across the world benefit greatly from the breakthroughs that have emerged from the incredible decades-long partnership between the UAE and Children’s National,” said Michelle Riley-Brown, President and CEO of Children’s National. “I am deeply grateful for the UAE’s most recent gift. The contribution will positively impact children and families and support the teams of researchers and specialists who dedicate their lives to developing innovative medical care.”

Key milestones

The UAE helped to establish the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation at Children’s National in 2009. Today, the Sheikh Zayed Institute (SZI) has grown into a world-class, self-sustaining research center receiving more than 80% of its funding from grants and outside sources.

This platform for invention is advancing autonomous, robotic surgery. The institute’s researchers believe pediatric surgical outcomes will improve if the precision and delicacy of a robot are incorporated into procedures such as gallbladder removal. SZI is also propelling the use of artificial intelligence to improve pediatric medicine and expand health equity. One example is a deep learning algorithm that uses hand-held ultrasounds to detect early signs of rheumatic heart disease, which kills nearly 400,000 people worldwide each year.

“The lives and health of countless children and families in the Washington area, in the UAE and around the world have been transformed by our partnership,” said Yousef Al Otaiba, the UAE Ambassador to the United States. “Our continued support promises even more breakthrough innovations in pediatric medicine.”

The UAE also supported the opening of the Children’s National Research & Innovation Campus through a 2019 commitment. The campus represents the first pediatric innovation hub of its kind, where scientists, inventors, caregivers, patients’ families and health authorities come together to advance pediatric health.

The Children’s National Rare Disease Institute and Center for Genetic Medicine Research are two of the teams housed at the campus. Together, they are pioneering care for children in the Washington region and abroad as an international referral site for rare disorders. Two examples of their research endeavors include: next-generation genomic testing to better understand how differences in genetic material can affect human health and identifying biochemical analytes.

The UAE opened a medical office in Washington, D.C., in 1991. Since then, thousands of Emirati patients have visited Children’s National for life-changing care for conditions such as congenital heart disease, neurological disorders and cancer. The hospital is currently treating 40 Emirati patients.

“Having our child treated at Children’s National means accessing specialized pediatric care from a renowned institution dedicated to children’s health,” said Hamad Alnuaimi, an Emirati father of a Children’s National patient. “It provides us with confidence and reassurance that our son is receiving the best possible medical attention from experts who understand and prioritize the unique needs of children. For the UAE to have a strong relationship with Children’s National signifies a valuable connection that enhances pediatric healthcare in our country. This partnership allows us to benefit from advanced treatments, medical innovations, and expertise that might otherwise be inaccessible. It represents a commitment to improving the health and well-being of children through international collaboration.”

AAP 2024 Conference logo

Children’s National Hospital the 2024 American Academy of Pediatrics meeting

Children’s National Hospital-affiliated participants will attend this year’s American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference and Exhibition. The meeting will take place in Orlando, Florida from September 27 to October 1. You will find a mini schedule of sessions below.

Date Time Presenter Title
9/27/2024 8:00:00 AM Briony Varda, M.D. H1016: Section on Surgery Program: Day 1
9/27/2024 8:00:00 AM Briony Varda, M.D. H1017: Section on Urology Program: Day 1
9/27/2024 8:00:00 AM Lowell Frank, M.D., FAAP H1014: Section on Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Program: Day 1
Through the Looking Glass: Using Past Decisions to Inform Current and Future Clinical and Professional Practice
9/27/2024 2:30:00 PM Brian K. Reilly, M.D., FAAP S1208: Sounding the Alarm on Noise: Prevention Is Key
9/27/2024 4:00:00 PM Brandon Kappy, M.D., MPP S1312: Using Lessons From the East Palestine Train Derailment to Prepare for Environmental Disasters
9/28/2024 8:00:00 AM Alicia M. Tucker, M.D. H2013: Section on Obesity Program
9/28/2024 8:00:00 AM Annie L. Andrews, M.D., MSCR H2011: Section on Emergency Medicine Program: Day 2
EmergiQuiz, State of the Section & SOEM Awards Presentations and 2024 PEMPix & Hot Topics in Pediatric Emergency Medicine
9/28/2024 12:00:00 PM Monika Goyal, M.D., M.S.C.E.
Prevalence of Period Poverty in a Pediatric Emergency Department
9/28/2024 3:30:00 PM Allison Markowsky, M.D., MSHS, FAAP S2412: What’s Trending in the Newborn Nursery: Controversies and Evidence
9/28/2024 5:00:00 PM Bernhard L. “Bud” Wiedermann, M.D., M.A., FAAP S2507: Should I Change My Clinical Practice Based on a Hot New Article? Reading Journals With a Critical Eye
9/29/2024 8:30:00 AM Dennis Ren, M.D. H3022: Section on Emergency Medicine Program: Day 3
Inaugural “Babble Royale” Competition & More Hot Topics in PEM; PediSonoFest
9/29/2024 9:00:00 AM Natasha Shur, M.D. S3208: Genetic Testing Boot Camp
9/29/2024 1:00:00 PM Lamia Soghier, M.D., M.Ed., M.B.A., FAAP H3037: Section on International Medical Graduates Program
Opportunities and Paths for Career Development in Academic Pediatrics
9/29/2024 4:00:00 PM Margaret Rush, M.D., MSHS I3304: Emergencies in the Technology-Dependent Medically Complex Children: What Every Pediatrician Should Know
9/29/2024 5:00:00 PM Anjna Melwani, M.D. S3501: Emergencies in the Technology-Dependent Medically Complex Children: What Every Pediatrician Should Know
9/30/2024 2:00:00 PM Rana F. Hamdy, M.D., M.P.H., MSCE S4302: Diagnosis and Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia
10/1/2024 9:00:00 AM Nathaniel S. Beers, M.D., M.P.A., FAAP S5207: Eliminating Suspension, Expulsion, and Other Harsh Discipline Practices in Schools and Early Education

 

sad mom holding baby

Children’s National partnership addresses postpartum depression

sad mom holding baby

Research shows one in eight new moms will experience sadness, hopelessness and feelings of overwhelm in the first year after having a baby, a statistic that is even higher for those with newborns receiving emergency services.

Physician researchers at Children’s National Hospital have partnered with Assistant Professor Niyousha Hosseinichimeh, Ph.D., in Virginia Tech’s College of Engineering to introduce screenings for postpartum depression.

This is all part of a four year $1.8 million grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) that funds a Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Patient Safety Lab. The goal is to improve mental health screening for parents through referral and treatment, combining medical expertise with systems engineering to advance healthcare.

Research shows one in eight new moms will experience sadness, hopelessness and feelings of overwhelm in the first year after having a baby, a statistic that is even higher for those with newborns receiving emergency services.

Q: How will this partnership drive research forward in postpartum depression?
A:
“In this collaboration with Children’s National, we are looking at the parents of children who are being seen in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and emergency department. In a pediatric setting, there aren’t services or providers who can treat the parents or adults of the children receiving treatment, but data shows that these caregivers are more likely to need mental health services,” Hosseinichimeh said. “Right now, the screening rate is low, and we want to understand how we can improve the screening and referral process to provide better mental healthcare for adults in these settings.

Q: What does the public need to know about postpartum depression?
A:
“After admission to our NICU, 45% of parents screen positive for depression. I can’t think of any other disorder or disease that screens positive at 45%. Similarly, mothers of infants in our emergency department screened positive at 27%. This can’t be ignored,” said Lamia Soghier, M.D., neonatologist and associate division chief for NICU operations at Children’s National.

stressed pregnant woman

Pandemic stress in pregnant mothers may affect anxiety regions of babies’ brains

stressed pregnant woman

The research from Children’s National Hospital provides mounting evidence that children of the pandemic, even those far too young to understand it, need ongoing assessments of developmental or mental health support later in life.

A critical part of the brain linked to risks for anxiety later in life – the left amygdala – was significantly smaller by volume in babies of mothers who reported stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a new manuscript published in JAMA Network Open.

The right hippocampus, which governs spatial, visual and verbal memories, and the white matter were also reduced in children whose mothers reported stress.

The research from Children’s National Hospital provides mounting evidence that children of the pandemic, even those far too young to understand it, need ongoing assessments of developmental or mental health support later in life.

“Looking ahead, we want to use this information – and studies with similar findings – to empower pregnant mothers to request support to mitigate their stress, especially in the event of another global health crisis,” said Nickie Andescavage, M.D., a neonatologist and principal investigator at the Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research. “We also want to make sure babies born during COVID-19 get the services that they need in life if they develop anxiety or other mental health disorders.”

The fine print

Researchers at the center used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare the brains of 103 babies born between 2014 and 2019 prior to the pandemic to 59 born between 2020 and 2022. Mothers who had COVID-19 or other complications in their pregnancies were excluded. The babies underwent MRI imaging while in utero and again soon after delivery.

The mothers were evaluated for stress and anxiety, using the Spielberger State-Train Anxiety Inventory and other evidence-based scoring measures. Pre-pandemic, 21% of mothers reported elevated symptoms of anxiety; in the pandemic cohort, that number jumped to nearly 62%.

Their babies’ brains were also changed, as regions widely understood to control emotion and anxiety displayed smaller volumes on MRI imaging. Given the global impact of the pandemic and universal reports of mental distress worldwide, the potential impact of these findings may impact an entire generation of children born during the pandemic. The team is just beginning to unravel the medical significance.

What’s next

Catherine Limperopoulos, Ph.D., director of the Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research, said understanding the impact of stress is vital in supporting the healthy development of young children. Current studies are underway at her center to tease apart the role of stress in prenatal development and examine its long-term impact on development, including cognition, behavior and mental health.

“We all know that being pregnant can be quite stressful, and there are certain times of collective stress that can provide us windows to understand how the body and mind manage it,” Dr. Limperopoulos said. “At our center, we care deeply about the health of mothers and babies, and our researchers plan to continue investigating the role of stress in development to continue building data to show that mental health must be a greater priority.”

This study – “Prenatal maternal psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic and newborn brain development” – was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, and the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation. You can read the full study in JAMA Network Open.

Monika K. Goyal, M.D., M.S.C.E., and Beth A. Tarini, M.D., M.S., M.B.A.

Drs. Goyal and Tarini to lead Center for Translational Research

Monika K. Goyal, M.D., M.S.C.E., and Beth A. Tarini, M.D., M.S., M.B.A.

As CTR co-directors, Drs. Goyal and Tarini will lead the hospital’s mission to advance translational science, clinical research and community health.

Children’s National Hospital has appointed two nationally regarded leaders in pediatric research – Monika K. Goyal, M.D., M.S.C.E., and Beth A. Tarini, M.D., M.S., M.B.A. – to head its Center for Translational Research (CTR), a hub of high-impact scientific investigation that touches nearly every pediatric specialty.

As CTR co-directors, Drs. Goyal and Tarini will lead the hospital’s mission to advance translational science, clinical research and community health. They will begin their new roles on July 1.

Moving the field forward

“It is truly an honor to lead the CTR at such a pivotal moment in pediatric health,” said Dr. Goyal, an emergency medicine specialist and health services researcher. “I look forward to helping Children’s National lead the science on advancing health equity for the patients, families and communities we serve, both locally and nationally.”

As the largest of the six centers within the Children’s National Research Institute, CTR is pivotal in finding groundbreaking ways to improve health across pediatric medicine. Using a “bench to bedside” approach, the CTR faculty strives to seamlessly translate science from the laboratory bench to the patient’s bedside, moving pediatric medicine forward as expeditiously as possible to bring advances into the community.

“CTR is uniquely positioned to solve the biggest healthcare issues facing our pediatric patients,” said Dr. Tarini, a pediatrician and national leader in newborn screening research and policy. “I look forward to leading our diverse faculty of physicians and researchers as they leverage their front-line experience and innovative research to improve child health.”

Why we’re excited

Dr. Tarini joined Children’s National in 2018 and is currently the associate director for CTR. She was recently promoted to tenured professor of Pediatrics at George Washington University and has extensively studied policies to optimize the delivery of genetic services to families of newborns. In January, Dr. Tarini was appointed to a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Committee to examine the current landscape of newborn screening systems, processes and research in the United States. Dr. Tarini has obtained $10 million in federal and foundation funding, and she has served as president of the Society for Pediatric Research.

Dr. Goyal joined Children’s National in 2012. She is the inaugural endowed chair for Women in Science and Health and has served as the associate division chief for Academic Affairs and Research within the Emergency Department since 2018. She was recently promoted to tenured professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine at George Washington University. Dr. Goyal is a nationally renowned equity science scholar and has published over 130 peer-reviewed manuscripts. She has secured more than $25 million in federal and foundation funding to address disparities in adolescent sexual health, pain management and firearm violence.

Children’s National leads the way

Catherine Bollard, M.D., M.B.Ch.B., interim chief academic officer, said she looks forward to seeing the advances in pediatric health guided by these two outstanding researchers. “By harnessing the immense talent within Children’s National for our search, we found two exceptional leaders in Drs. Goyal and Tarini,” Dr. Bollard said. “Their work promoting research that accelerates discovery across the continuum of bench, bedside and community has already made a significant impact.”

2024 Pediatric Academic Societies meeting logo

Children’s National Hospital at the 2024 Pediatric Academic Societies meeting

Children’s National Hospital-affiliated participants will present at this year’s Pediatric Academic Societies meeting. The meeting will take place in Toronto, from May 2-6, 2024. For information on the presentations, please refer to the chart below.

Day Time Presenter(s) Title
5/3/2024 9:00 AM Stacey Stokes, M.D., M.P.H. APA QI: Informatics for Improvers: Leveraging Clinical Decision Support to Propel Data-Driven and Reliable Continuous Improvement
5/3/2024 12:00 PM Rana F. Hamdy, M.D., M.P.H., MSCE A Career in Antimicrobial Stewardship… so Much More to Explore
5/3/2024 12:00 PM Ashima Gulati, M.D., Ph.D., FASN Case Studies in Pediatric Kidney Diseases: Who, When and How to Order Genetic Testing?
5/3/2024 3:45 PM Priti Bhansali, M.D., ME.d. iSPOT an Improvement: Taking Peer Observation and Feedback to the Next Level
5/3/2024 3:45 PM Josepheen De Asis-Cruz, M.D., Ph.D. Maternal psychopathology and SSRI use during pregnancy are associated with altered fetal hippocampal connectivity in utero
5/4/2024 8:00 AM Andrea J. Boudreaux, Psy.D., M.P.H., M.H.A., F.A.C.H.E. A Doctor in the School Nurse’s Office? Bringing a Virtual School Based Program into Practice
5/4/2024 8:00 AM Jessica Hippolyte, M.D., M.P.H. A Practical Approach to a Thorny Issue: Evaluating the Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry in Clinical Decision-Making
5/4/2024 8:00 AM Ashraf S. Harahsheh, M.D., F.A.A.P., F.A.C.C. Cardiology 1
5/4/2024 8:00 AM Dewesh Agrawal, M.D. Emergency Medicine 1: Quality and Safety
5/4/2024 8:00 AM Lenore Jarvis, M.D., ME.d.
Amanda Stewart, M.D., M.P.H.
From Bedside to State House: Daily Advocacy
5/4/2024 8:00 AM Aisha Barber, M.D., ME.d. Unionization in Pediatrics: A Pro-Con Debate
5/4/2024 8:45 AM Jillian E. Nickerson, M.D., M.S. Implementation of tele-psychiatry in an urban pediatric satellite emergency department
5/4/2024 9:00 AM Jessica Weisz, M.D. “TEACH”ing: Evaluation of a 3-Year Multimodal Child Poverty Curriculum
5/4/2024 9:00 AM Tameka T. Watson, M.D. Timing of Growth Failure in Very Premature Infants and Implications for Brain Development
5/4/2024 10:00 AM Neha H. Shah, M.D., M.P.H. Subspecialty Networking Breakout: Pediatric Hospital Medicine
5/4/2024 11:00 AM Lee S. Beers, M.D. AAP Presidential Plenary: Emerging Research on the Intersections of Mental Health, Impact of the Pandemic, and Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
5/4/2024 11:00 AM Denver Brown, M.D. Implications of SDOH on glomerular disease, hypertension and CKD
5/4/2024 11:15 AM Josepheen De Asis-Cruz, M.D., Ph.D. Associations Between Antenatal Opioid Exposure and Newborn Functional Brain Connectivity
5/4/2024 2:00 PM Ian Chua, M.D., M.H.P.E. Addressing Misinformation & Building Competency for Gender Diverse Patient Care
5/5/2024 8:00 AM Tamara Gayle, M.D., ME.d., M.P.H. APA SIG: Pediatric Hospital Medicine – Creating an Inclusive and Sustainable Workplace
5/5/2024 8:00 AM Suma B. Hoffman, M.D., M.S.
Simranjeet S. Sran, M.E., ME.d., C.H.S.E., F.A.A.P.
Hands on Workshop: Complex Resuscitations in Neonates and Infants – Managing High Acuity, Low Occurrence (HALO) Events
5/5/2024 8:15 AM Jaytoya Manget, D.N.P., M.S.P.H., F.N.P. Connecting the Dots to Improve Health and Education Equity: Results of A Pilot Program Integrating School Attendance Data into a Pediatric Primary Care
5/5/2024 8:55 AM Aisha Barber, M.D., ME.d. APA Pediatric Hospital Medicine SIG – Creating an Inclusive and Sustainable Workplace
5/5/2024 11:00 AM Nicola Brodie, M.D.
Julie Heier, Ph.D.
Courtney Horton, M.D.
Darcel Jackson, C.P.X.P., L.S.S.G.B.
Emma Whitmyre, Ph.D.
Challenge Accepted: Integrating Behavioral Health in Primary Care for Children with Medical Complexity and Their Families
5/5/2024 11:00 AM Ian Chua, M.D., M.H.P.E.
Margarita Ramos, M.D., M.S.
Neha H. Shah, M.D., M.P.H.
Embracing Failure: The Key To Success In Academic Medicine
5/5/2024 11:00 AM Caleb E. Ward, M.B., B.Chir., M.P.H. Emergency Medicine 4
5/5/2024 11:00 AM Dewesh Agrawal, M.D.
Terry Kind, M.D., M.P.H.
Launching and Landing a Career in Medical Education: From Passion to Profession
5/5/2024 11:00 AM Nathaniel S. Beers, M.D., M.P.A.
Andrea J. Boudreaux, Psy.D., M.P.H., M.H.A., F.A.C.H.E.
Bianca Johnson, M.S.W.
Jaytoya Manget, D.N.P., M.S.P.H., F.N.P.
Jessica Weisz, M.D.
School Attendance as a Vital Sign: Integrating school attendance into practice to advance health and educational equity
5/5/2024 11:05 AM Sudeepta Basu, M.D. SPR 2023 Bridging to Success Award: GABA-editing spectroscopy for understanding the developing brain in preterm infants.
5/5/2024 2:00 PM Allison M. Jackson, M.D., M.P.H. Child Protective Services Referrals in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence: Clinical Practice, Research, & Advocacy
5/5/2024 2:00 PM Josepheen De Asis-Cruz, M.D., Ph.D. In utero SSRI exposure alters fetal cerebral cortical development and structural brain connectivity
5/5/2024 2:00 PM Jeremy Kern, M.D.
Lydia Lissanu, M.D.
Elana Neshkes, M.D.
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Marius George Linguraru giving a lecture on AI

Artificial – and accelerated – intelligence: endless applications to expand health equity

In the complex world of pediatric diseases, researchers need access to data to develop clinical trials and the participation of vulnerable patients to develop new devices and therapies. Both are in short supply, given that most children are born healthy, and most severe pediatric diseases are rare.

That creates a dilemma: how do researchers build a foundation to advance new treatments? Enter artificial intelligence (AI).

“AI is the equalizer: accelerated intelligence for sick kids. No other advance on the horizon holds more promise for improving equity and access to pediatric healthcare when diseases are rare and resources are limited,” says Marius George Linguraru, D.Phil., M.A., M.Sc., the Connor Family Professor in Research and Innovation and principal investigator in the Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation (SZI). “AI will shrink the distance between patient and provider, allowing our physicians and scientists to provide targeted healthcare for children more efficiently. The possibilities are endless.”

Why we’re excited

By pioneering AI innovation programs at Children’s National Hospital, Dr. Linguraru and the AI experts he leads are ensuring patients and families benefit from a coming wave of technological advances. The team is teaching AI to interpret complex data that could otherwise overwhelm clinicians. Their work will create systems to identify at-risk patients, forecast disease and treatment patterns, and support complex clinical decisions to optimize patient care and hospital resources. Already, the AI team at SZI has developed data-driven tools touching nearly every corner of the hospital:

  • AI for rheumatic heart disease (RHD): In partnership with Children’s National cardiology leaders, including Craig Sable, M.D., the Uganda Heart Institute and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, the AI team has developed an algorithm that can use low-cost, portable ultrasound imaging to detect RHD in children and young adults, a disease that takes nearly 400,000 lives annually in limited-resource countries. Early testing shows the AI platform has the same accuracy as a cardiologist in detecting RHD, paving the way for earlier treatment with life-saving antibiotics. This year, Children’s National physicians will be in Uganda, screening 200,000 children with local cardiology experts and AI technology.
  • Newborn screening for genetic conditions with mGene: Working with Rare Disease Institute clinicians and Chief of Genetics and Metabolism Debra Regier, M.D., the AI team has built technology to detect rare genetic disorders, using an algorithm and a smartphone camera to identify subtle changes in facial features. Tested on patients from over 30 countries and published in The Lancet Digital Health, the application helps screen children for advanced care when a geneticist may not be within reach. With funding from the National Institutes of Health, Children’s National and its research partners are piloting a newborn screening program in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
  • Pediatric brain tumors: To improve and personalize the treatment decisions for children with brain tumors, Dr. Linguraru’s team is working with Brain Tumor Institute Director Roger Packer, M.D., the Gilbert Family Distinguished Professor of Neurofibromatosis, on algorithms that can characterize and measure brain tumors with unprecedented precision. The team recently won the International Pediatric Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge, distinguishing the Children’s National algorithm as among the best in the world.
  • Ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): With a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the AI team is working alongside Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, King’s College London and the UNITY Consortium to expand global brain imaging capacity. The consortium is helping clinicians in limited-resource countries improve the treatment of neonatal neurological conditions, using AI to boost the quality of ultra-low field MRI and expand access to this portable and more affordable imaging option.
  • Federated learning: Children’s National has collaborated with NVIDIA and other industry leaders to accelerate AI advances through federated learning. Under this approach, institutions share AI models rather than data, allowing them to collaborate without exposing patient information or being constrained by essential data-sharing restrictions. The SZI team was the only pediatric partner invited to join the largest federated learning project of its kind, studying the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Details were published in Nature Medicine.

Children’s National leads the way

Looking ahead, the Children’s National AI team is pursuing a wide range of advances in clinical care. To support patients treated at multiple clinics, they are developing systems to harmonize images from different scanners and protocols, such as MRI machines made by different manufacturers. Similar work is underway to analyze pathology samples from different institutions consistently.

Automation is also making care more efficient. For example, using data from 1 million chest X-rays, the team is collaborating with NVIDIA to develop a conversational digital assistant that will allow physicians to think through 14 possible diagnoses.

Dr. Linguraru says he and his colleagues are galvanized by the jarring statistic that one in three children with a rare disease dies before age 5. While well-implemented AI initiatives can change outcomes, he says the work must be done thoughtfully.

“In the future, patients will be evaluated by human clinicians and machines with extraordinary powers to diagnose illness and determine treatments,” Dr. Linguraru said. “Our team at Children’s National is leading conversations about the future of pediatric healthcare with a focus on safety, resource allocation and basic equity.”

Learn more about our AI initiatives

Innovation leaders at Children’s National Hospital are building a community of AI caregivers through educational and community-building events. At the inaugural Symposium on Artificial Intelligence in 2023 at the Children’s National Research & Innovation Campus, experts from Virginia Tech, JLABS, Food and Drug Administration, Pfizer, Oracle Health, NVIDIA, AWS Health and elsewhere laid out a vision for using data to advance pediatric medicine. The symposium will return on Sept. 6.

Dr. Linguraru is the program chair of MICCAI 2024, the top international meeting on medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention and the preeminent forum for disseminating AI developments in healthcare. The conference is an educational platform for scientists and clinicians dedicated to AI in medical imaging, with a focus on global health equity. It will take place for the first time in Africa on Oct. 6-10.

 

 

Baby wearing Gabi SmartCare device

Supporting breakthroughs in at-home pediatric monitoring

Baby wearing Gabi SmartCare device

The child-sized, lightweight, wearable band enables at-home monitoring of patient vital signs.

As their infant daughter recovered from a life-threatening virus, tech executive Jonathan Baut and his wife lived in a constant state of alert for any signs of a change in her condition. That experience prompted Baut to look for an at-home vital signs monitoring solution for parents facing medical challenges at home.

He located the technology in Belgium and found the clinical support to advance the innovation at Children’s National Hospital, tapping into its leadership of a pediatric device consortium funded by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Alliance for Pediatric Device Innovation (APDI).

The technology platform, called Gabi SmartCare, features a tiny, lightweight, wearable band made for children that enables at-home monitoring of a patient’s vital signs including oxygen saturation,  and heart rate movement. It also supports the collection of other data about health conditions through health assessment.

The big picture

Wireless home-based monitoring could reduce hospital stays while improving the transitional care provided to patients at home. It could also aid in the home care of chronically ill patients.

Recently, Gabi SmartCare received its FDA clearance as a class II device for monitoring use. Baut says the multifaceted support he received from Children’s National and APDI helped him achieve this critical milestone, including the hospital’s role as one of two U.S. clinical trial sites for the device.

He explained that the APDI team also connected him with experts in device trials, regulatory processes and reimbursement, which helped him better understand the U.S. market and the nuances of the pediatric continuum of care.

Gabi SmartCare monitoring screens

Physicians can remotely monitor patient’s oxygen saturation and heart rate movement.

As he focuses on getting his product into hospitals, Baut already has additional monitoring features in development for Gabi SmartCare including respiratory rate, actigraphy, skin auto-calibration and sleep phases.

Why it matters

Reliable at-home monitoring tools can expand a pediatric hospital’s capabilities to support patients beyond the hospital setting. They can also help reduce trips to the emergency room and reduce the stress and anxiety parents experience when providing home care. Helping to advance devices like these can deliver those benefits to patient families at Children’s National and beyond.

“The pandemic underscored a great need for technologies that improve remote monitoring for children,” said Kolaleh Eskandanian, Ph.D. M.B.A., P.M.P., Children’s National vice president and chief innovation officer and program director of APDI. “At-home monitoring devices enable remote and continuous surveillance of pediatric patients, ensuring timely intervention and optimal care delivery even in remote or resource-limited settings. These technologies are needed now, and even more during public health emergencies.”

borrelia bacteria

First-of-its-kind study on impacts of Lyme disease in pregnancy and infant development

borrelia bacteria

Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi.

Understanding the effects of Lyme disease on the developing fetal brain is essential to ensure timely prenatal and postnatal treatments to protect the fetus and newborn. In response to this need, Children’s National Hospital is leading a pilot study to establish the groundwork needed for a larger study to determine the effect of in utero exposure to Lyme disease on pregnancy and early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Why it’s important

“Insect-borne illnesses have more than doubled during the last twenty years as a result of multiple factors including environmental changes,” says Sarah Mulkey, M.D., Ph.D., principal investigator of the study and prenatal-neonatal neurologist at Children’s National Hospital. Dr. Mulkey is the Co-Director of the Congenital Infection Program at Children’s National Hospital and has led a long-term child outcome study of the mosquito-borne Zika virus infection in pregnancy and impacts on child neurodevelopment. She is now adding Lyme disease to her work on pregnancy and child outcomes. Lyme disease is transmitted to humans via an infected tick and can be acquired throughout much of the United States. “Very little is known about Lyme disease in pregnancy and if and how it may affect the fetus and impact child neurodevelopment,” said Dr. Mulkey.

This pilot study is funded by the Clinical Trials Network for Lyme and other Tickborne Diseases (CTN), supported by the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation. Roberta DeBiasi, M.D., M.S., division chief of infectious diseases at Children’s National, is a CTN Node Principal Investigator. The study team at Children’s National works closely with members of the CTN as well as other Lyme disease-focused organizations and nonprofits to make sure that the pilot study addresses Lyme disease advocates’ research priorities in a scientifically rigorous way. “This is an important opportunity for us to engage with advocacy groups and others who have been stressing the need for this type of research for decades,” says Meagan Williams, M.S.P.H., C.C.R.C., the senior research coordinator for the study. “We know how important it is to maintain a patient-centered and trauma-sensitive lens in our work with families impacted by Lyme disease during pregnancy. We’ve been working hard to build this study in a way that centers our participants’ lived experiences and focuses on the topics they find important. We’re very grateful to have the support of Lyme disease focused organizations and advocates as we embark on this study because they know and have expressed exactly where the gaps are in the literature. It’s our job to do the work to fill those gaps.”

The big picture

This pilot study aims to build upon existing research, case studies and advocacy to assess developmental and other family impacts of Lyme disease exposure during pregnancy.

Especially as tick season begins in Washington, D.C., and surrounding regions, the investigators are determined to make sure that all eligible people diagnosed with Lyme disease during their pregnancy are aware of the study and have the opportunity to participate. Pregnant volunteers can sign up for participation in the study here. Volunteers may be eligible to join if they are currently pregnant, live in the U.S. or Canada and were diagnosed with Lyme disease during pregnancy or have post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS).

Anyone interested in sharing information about the study with their clients or colleagues may email mewilliams@childrensnational.org for access to the team’s recruitment toolkit that includes flyers, FAQs and other resources. “We have resources available for clinicians, public health professionals, friends and family members and anyone else who may be able to help us identify participants and spread the word about this important study,” Williams says.

The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06026969). If you have questions about the study, please reach out to Meagan at mewilliams@childrensnational.org or email cnhlymestudy@gmail.com.

Newborn baby in a crib

Pioneering research center aims to revolutionize prenatal and neonatal health

Catherine Limperopoulos, Ph.D., was drawn to understanding the developing brain, examining how early adverse environments for a mother can impact the baby at birth and extend throughout its entire lifetime. She has widened her lens – and expanded her team – to create the new Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research at Children’s National Hospital.

“Despite the obvious connection between mothers and babies, we know that conventional medicine often addresses the two beings separately. We want to change that,” said Dr. Limperopoulos, who also directs the Developing Brain Institute. “Given the current trajectory of medicine toward precision care and advanced imaging, we thought this was the right moment to channel our talent and resources into understanding this delicate and highly dynamic relationship.”

Moving the field forward

Since its establishment in July 2023, the new research center has gained recognition through high-impact scientific publications, featuring noteworthy studies exploring the early phases of human development.

Dr. Limperopoulos has been at the forefront of groundbreaking research, directing attention to the consequences of maternal stress on the unborn baby and the placenta. In addition, under the guidance of Kevin Cook, Ph.D., investigators published a pivotal study on the correlation between pain experienced by premature infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the associated risks of autism and developmental delays.

Another area of research has focused on understanding the impact of congenital heart disease (CHD) on prenatal brain development, given the altered blood flow to the brain caused by these conditions during this period of rapid development. Led by Josepheen De Asis-Cruz, M.D., Ph.D., a research team uncovered variations in the functional connectivity of the brains of infants with CHD. In parallel, Nickie Andescavage, M.D., and her team employed advanced imaging techniques to identify potential biomarkers in infants with CHD, holding promise for guiding improved diagnostics and postnatal care. Separately, she is investigating the impact of COVID-19 on fetal brain development.

In the months ahead, the team plans to concentrate its efforts on these areas and several others, including the impact of infectious disease, social determinants of health and protecting developing brains from the negative impacts of maternal stress, pre-eclampsia and other conditions prevalent among expectant mothers.

Assembling a team

Given its robust research plan and opportunities for collaboration, the center pulled together expertise from across the hospital’s faculty and has attracted new talent from across the country, including several prominent faculty members:

  • Katherine L. Wisner, M.S., M.D., has accumulated extensive knowledge on the impact of maternal stress on babies throughout her career, and her deep background in psychiatry made her a natural addition to the center. While Dr. Wisner conducts research into the urgent need to prioritize maternal mental health, she will also be treating mothers as part of the DC Mother-Baby Wellness Initiative — a novel program based at Children’s National that allows mothers to more seamlessly get care for themselves and participate in mother-infant play groups timed to align with their clinical appointments.
  • Catherine J. Stoodley, B.S., M.S., D.Phil., brings extensive research into the role of the cerebellum in cognitive development. Dr. Stoodley uses clinical studies, neuroimaging, neuromodulation and behavioral testing to investigate the functional anatomy of the part of the brain responsible for cognition.
  • Katherine M. Ottolini, M.D., attending neonatologist, is developing NICU THRIVE – a research program studying the effects of tailored nutrition on the developing newborn brain, including the impact of fortifying human milk with protein, fat and carbohydrates. With a grant from the Gerber Foundation, Dr. Ottolini is working to understand how personalized fortification for high-risk babies could help them grow.

Early accolades

The new center brings together award-winning talent. This includes Yao Wu, Ph.D., who recently earned the American Heart Association’s Outstanding Research in Pediatric Cardiology award for her groundbreaking work in CHD, particularly for her research on the role of altered placental function and neurodevelopmental outcomes in toddlers with CHD. Dr. Wu became the third Children’s National faculty member to earn the distinction, joining an honor roll that includes Dr. Limperopoulos and David Wessel, M.D., executive vice president and chief medical officer.

Interim Chief Academic Officer Catherine Bollard, M.D., M.B.Ch.B., said the cross-disciplinary collaboration now underway at the new center has the potential to make a dramatic impact on the field of neonatology and early child development. “This group epitomizes the Team Science approach that we work tirelessly to foster at Children’s National,” Dr. Bollard said. “Given their energetic start, we know these scientists and physicians are poised to tackle some of the toughest questions in maternal-fetal medicine and beyond, which will improve outcomes for our most fragile patients.”

The endovascular embolic hemispherectomy team.

New hemimegalencephaly procedure is all about teamwork

Children’s National experts pioneered a novel approach of inducing strokes to stop seizures and improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in newborns under three months old with hemimegalencephaly (HME). The procedure, called an endovascular embolic hemispherectomy, can be safely used to provide definitive treatment of HME-related epilepsy in neonates and young infants. Monica Pearl, M.D., neurointerventional radiologist, and Panagiotis Kratimenos, M.D., Ph.D., neonatologist, discuss why having a multidisciplinary team skilled at this procedure is the reason we’re the only center in the world capable of providing this treatment.

baby with brain monitor

The history behind the novel hemimegalencephaly procedure

Traditionally, when a baby is diagnosed with hemimegalencephaly (HME), doctors turn to a hemispherectomy at 3 months of age, which involves surgically removing half of a baby’s brain. At Children’s National Hospital, our doctors pioneered the endovascular embolic hemispherectomy, an approach using induced controlled strokes to eliminate the affected part of the brain, halting seizures. Monica Pearl, M.D., neurointerventional radiologist, and Tammy Tsuchida, M.D., Ph.D., neonatal neurologist, talk about this life-changing procedure.

Angelique and family pose in front of their house

Inducing strokes to better treat babies with hemimegalencephaly

When a family from Texas received a shocking diagnosis for their newborn daughter, they knew there was one place they needed to go – Children’s National Hospital in Washington, D.C. At birth, Angelique was diagnosed with a rare and devastating condition known as hemimegalencephaly (HME) which causes uncontrollable and frequent seizures. Monica Pearl, M.D., neurointerventional radiologist, and the team at Children’s National have pioneered an approach to treat HME, where they induce controlled strokes to eliminate the affected part of the brain, halting seizures in their tracks. They’re the only team in the world doing this work. Angelique’s parents knew the clock was ticking — every day they waited meant irreversible damage to their daughter’s developing brain.

pregnant woman talking to doctor

Prenatal COVID exposure associated with changes in newborn brain

pregnant woman talking to doctor

The team found differences in the brains of both infants whose mothers were infected with COVID while pregnant, as well as those born to mothers who did not test positive for the virus.

Babies born during the COVID-19 pandemic have differences in the size of certain structures in the brain, compared to infants born before the pandemic, according to a new study led by researchers at Children’s National Hospital.

The team found differences in the brains of both infants whose mothers were infected with COVID while pregnant, as well as those born to mothers who did not test positive for the virus, according to the study published in Cerebral Cortex.

The findings suggest that exposure to the coronavirus and being pregnant during the pandemic could play a role in shaping infant brain development, said Nickie Andescavage, M.D., the first author of the paper and associate chief for the Developing Brain Institute at Children’s National.

The fine print

The study’s authors looked at three groups of infants: 108 born before the pandemic; 47 exposed to COVID before birth; and 55 unexposed infants. In all cases, researchers performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the newborns’ brains during the first few weeks of life. The MRI scans, which are non-invasive and do not expose patients to radiation, provided 3D images of the brain, allowing doctors to calculate the volume of different areas.

Researchers found several differences in the brains of babies exposed to COVID. They had larger volumes of the gray matter that makes up the brain’s outermost layer, compared to the two other groups. In contrast, an inner area of the brain, known as deep gray matter, was smaller than in unexposed babies. These are areas that contain large numbers of neurons that generate and process signals throughout the brain. “Their brains formed differently if they were exposed to COVID,” said Dr. Andescavage, adding that “those exposed to COVID had unique signatures” in the brain.

Doctors also measured the depths of the folds in the babies’ brains – a way to determine how the brain is maturing during early development. Babies born to mothers who had COVID in pregnancy had deeper grooves in the frontal lobe, while babies born during the pandemic – even without being exposed to COVID – had increased folds and grooves throughout the brain, compared to babies born before the pandemic. “There was something about being born during the pandemic that changed how the brain developed,” Dr. Andescavage said.

What’s ahead

The study authors can’t fully explain what caused the differences in brain development in these babies, Dr. Andescavage said. But other studies have linked maternal stress and depression to changes in the newborn brain. In a future study, Dr. Andescavage and her colleagues will examine the relationship between infant brain development and how stress and anxiety during the pandemic may have played a role in early development.

Because the babies in the study were just a few weeks old, researchers don’t know if their altered brain development will affect how they learn or behave. Researchers plan to follow the children until age 6, allowing them to observe whether pandemic-era babies hit key developmental milestones on time, such as walking, talking, holding a crayon and learning the alphabet.

Researchers have been worried about the effect of COVID on the fetus since the beginning of the pandemic. Studies show that babies exposed to COVID in the womb may experience developmental impacts, and research is underway to better understand long-term outcomes.

Although the coronavirus rarely crosses the placenta to infect the fetus directly, there are other ways maternal infection can influence the developing baby. Dr. Andescavage said inflammation is one potential harm to a developing baby. In addition, if a pregnant woman becomes so sick that the levels of oxygen in her blood fall significantly, that can deprive the fetus of oxygen, she added.

In recent decades, studies of large populations have found that maternal infections with influenza and other viruses increased the risk of serious problems in children even years later, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, although the reasons behind the association are not well understood. Technology may allow doctors to answer a number of questions about COVID and the infant brain.

“With advanced imaging and MRI, we’re in a position now to be able to understand how the babies are developing in ways we never previously could,” Dr. Andescavage said. “That will better allow us to identify the exposures that may be harmful, and at what times babies may be especially vulnerable, to better position us to promote maternal wellness. This, in turn, helps infant wellness.”

mother kissing newborn baby

Evidence review: Maternal mental conditions drive climbing death rate in U.S.

mother kissing newborn baby

More than 80% of maternal deaths in the United States are preventable, particularly the nearly 1 in 4 maternal fatalities that are attributable to mental health disorders.

Painting a sobering picture, a research team led by Children’s National Hospital culled years of data demonstrating that maternal mental illness is an under-recognized contributor to the death of new mothers. They are calling for urgent action to address this public health crisis in the latest edition of JAMA Psychiatry.

Backed by dozens of peer-reviewed studies and health policy sources, the journal’s special communication comes as maternal mortality soars in the United States to as much as three times the rate of other high-income countries.

“The contribution of mental health conditions to the maternal morbidity and mortality crisis that we have in America is not widely recognized,” said Katherine L. Wisner, M.D., associate chief of Perinatal Mental Health and member of the Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research at Children’s National. “We need to bring this to the attention of the public and policymakers to demand action to address the mental health crisis that is contributing to the demise of mothers in America.”

The evidence review laid out the risks facing new mothers: More than 80% of maternal deaths in the United States are preventable, particularly the nearly 1 in 4 maternal fatalities that are attributable to mental health disorders. Overdose and other maternal mental health conditions are taking the lives of more than twice as many women as postpartum hemorrhage, the second leading cause of maternal death. For non-Hispanic Black mothers, the mortality rate is a striking 2.6 times higher than non-Hispanic White mothers.

Yet the research team found that recent national efforts to combat maternal mortality have failed to address maternal mental health as “the public health crisis that it represents.” Even methodologies to measure maternal health statistics are inconsistent, which challenges efforts to shape health policy.

In examining 30 recent studies and another 15 historical references, the team – which included Caitlin Murphy, MPA, PNP, research scientist at the Milken School of Public Health at George Washington University, and Megan Thomas, M.D., FACOG, obstetrician at the University of Kansas School of Medicine – found ample data to support the need to elevate maternal mental health as a priority. Some examples:

  • Multiple studies show that the perinatal period puts women at higher risk for new and recurrent psychiatric disorders, with 14.5% of pregnant mothers having a new episode of depression and another 14.5% developing an episode three months after birth.
  • Nationwide, more than 400 maternity healthcare centers closed between 2006 and 2020, creating “maternity care deserts” that left nearly 6 million women with limited or no access to maternity care.
  • Mental health conditions such as suicide or opioid overdose are to blame for nearly 23% of maternal deaths in America, according to reports from three dozen Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Review Committees, which are state-based organizations that review each maternal death within a year of pregnancy. That’s followed by hemorrhage (13.7%), cardiac conditions (12.8%) and infection (9.2%).

Even with these sobering statistics, Dr. Wisner says that only 20 percent of women are screened for depression postpartum. “Given that this is a time that many mothers have contact with healthcare professionals, it’s critically important that all mothers are screened and offered treatment,” she said. “Mental health is fundamental to health — of the mother, the child and the entire family.”

Dr. Wisner is board-certified in general and child psychiatry. Throughout her research career, she has conducted research on maternal-infant interactions and family health. She recently joined the new Center for Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research because of its vision to improve outcomes for the entire family by understanding the relationship between mothers and their babies.

“Throughout my career, I have fought hard against these silos that try to lock psychiatry into certain age categories,” Dr. Wisner said. “At Children’s National, we have a huge interest in reunifying the family. We want to ensure that we’re caring for unborn babies, infants and toddlers, while focusing on maternal health and the family in its broader context.”

desktop computer showing the CNRI Annual Report

Driving pediatric breakthroughs through 2023

desktop computer showing the CNRI Annual ReportThe Children’s National Research Institute released its 2022-2023 Academic Annual Report. In the report, a summary of the past academic year highlights the accomplishments of each of the institute’s research centers, provides research funding figures and exalts some of the institute’s biggest milestones.

The stories in the report are a testament to the hard work and dedication of everyone at the Children’s National Research Institute.

We celebrated five decades of leadership and mentorship of Naomi Luban, M.D., and her incredible accomplishments in the W@TCH program, which have been instrumental in shaping the future of pediatric research.

We also celebrated innovation, highlighting our recent FDA award to lead a pediatric device consortium, which recognizes our commitment to developing innovative medical devices that improve the lives of children.

Breakthroughs at the Research & Innovation Campus continued as our researchers worked tirelessly to develop new treatments and therapies that will transform the lives of children and families around the world.

Taking a look at the breakthroughs happening in our now six research centers, we spotlighted the following stories:

  • Reflecting on decades of progress in the blood, marrow and cell therapy programs at Children’s National. Our researchers have made significant strides in this field, and we are proud to be at the forefront of these life-saving treatments.
  • In genetic medicine, we continue to be a beacon of hope for families facing rare and complex conditions. Our researchers are making incredible breakthroughs that are changing the landscape of pediatric medicine.
  • We are also proud to share the $90 million award received from an anonymous donor to support pediatric brain tumor research. The predominant focus of this award is to develop new treatments that will improve outcomes for children with this devastating disease.
  • This year, we opened a new Center that enhances our research capabilities in the field of Prenatal, Neonatal & Maternal Health Research. We are excited about the possibilities this new center will bring and look forward to the discoveries that will emerge from it.
  • In addition, we are driving future pandemic readiness with the NIH funded Pediatric Pandemic Network. Our researchers are using cutting-edge technology and innovative approaches to prepare for the next pandemic and protect children.
  • We are also exploring the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in pediatric breakthroughs. Our researchers are using machine learning and other AI techniques to develop new treatments and therapies that will transform the lives of children.
Boy lying in a hospital bed, surrounded by medical equipment

Black, Hispanic children at greater risk for complications during hospitalization

Boy lying in a hospital bed, surrounded by medical equipment

The research team found that patients who are Black and Medicaid-insured patients experienced the greatest disparities in postoperative sepsis, a rare complication in which patients suffer from infection that can cause multi-organ failure.

Evaluating more than 5 million pediatric hospital stays nationwide, researchers found children who are Black, Hispanic or insured with Medicaid face a greater risk of health events after surgeries than white patients, according to a new study published in the journal Pediatrics.

“We looked at the data, and we calculated the risks,” said Kavita Parikh, M.D., MSHS, medical director of Quality & Safety Research, research director of the Division of Hospital Medicine and first author on the multi-institute study. “Despite decades of focus on eliminating medical errors, we know that children continue to suffer substantial harms in hospital settings, and our study highlights where children who are Black, Hispanic or insured with Medicaid are at the greatest risk.”

The big picture

The study analyzed data from more than 5.2 million hospitalizations collected by the 2019 Kids’ Inpatient Database, a national repository of data on hospital stays. It includes a 10% sample of newborns and an 80% sample of other pediatric discharges from 4,000 U.S. hospitals. More than 80% of patients were younger than 1 year of age.

The research team found that patients who are Black and Medicaid-insured patients experienced the greatest disparities in postoperative sepsis, a rare complication in which patients suffer from infection that can cause multi-organ failure. Patients who are Hispanic experienced the greatest disparity in postoperative respiratory failure, a complication that can limit breathing and ventilation.

Plausible factors cited include structural racism in the U.S. healthcare system, clinician bias, insufficient cultural responsiveness, communication barriers and limited access to high-quality healthcare.

What’s ahead

The study – “Disparities in Racial, Ethnic, and Payor Groups for Pediatric Safety Events in U.S. Hospitals” – is foundational in understanding what is happening among pediatric patients. Dr. Parikh said that researchers now must conduct further studies into these alarming disparities and qualitative work to understand drivers, with the action-oriented goal of developing interventions to improve patient safety in the hospital for all children.

“We brought together leaders in pediatric medicine, health policy and public health to analyze this data, and we are committed to taking the next steps to improve outcomes for pediatric patients,” Dr. Parikh said. “It will take more patient-centered work and research, resources and multifaceted strategies to resolve these worrying disparities for our pediatric patients nationwide.”